Thursday, July 30, 2020
Sobre el ingreso básico universal (es mejor un ingreso mínimo garantizado)
On the universal basic income (I prefer a minimum guaranteed income)
Friday, July 3, 2020
The Eternal Debt
By Luis Fierro Carrión (*)
Ecuador was born
in debt. When the Republic of Ecuador became independent, an agreement was
reached whereby the nascent State would assume 21.5% of the debt of the
"Gran Colombia", equivalent to £ 1,424,579.
The distribution
of this debt was made at a meeting called in Bogotá, which was not attended by
the Ecuadorian delegate. The division was made based on population but did not consider
where the assets acquired with that debt were (mainly weapons). "Except
for the old frigate Colombia, which happened to be in Ecuadorian waters,
and 16 thousand pesos, Ecuador did not receive any other material good as a
balance of the purchases made with the loans obtained for the struggles for
independence (Alberto Acosta Espinosa, “The Eternal Debt”, 1990, p. 64).
The Republic began
to walk with the difficulties of a child who carried "a sack of lead on
his back," as Agustín Moreno said (quoted by Acosta).
Beginning in 1830,
there were moratoriums on the payment of the external debt, renegotiations,
proposed arrangements, etc. Ecuador ties with Spain, Venezuela and Argentina as
the countries that have had the most defaults in history (a dozen in
each case).
Acosta's book
tells the story of the Ecuadorian foreign debt until 1990, with its sequence of
defaults, negotiations, proposals. On some occasions it offered to pay the debt
with "empty lands" in the Amazon or Esmeraldas (in fact there were
Native Americans living there), with the Galapagos Islands, with shares in
customs revenues, mine rents and other taxes. The effort to deliver "empty
lands" in the Amazon even led to military conflicts with Peru, which
claimed sovereignty over those territories. Thus, for example, in 1859 the Treaty
of Mapasingue was signed, under occupation, which annulled the delivery of
territories to bondholders.
As early as 1855, there
was speculation with the purchase of the bonds in the secondary market: they
could be bought at 4 percent of the nominal value, and, after some payment
arrangements were announced, the price would rise to 16%. After the Liberal
Revolution, the bonds of the "English debt" were exchanged for new
bonds to finance the construction of the railway from Guayaquil to Quito. As
the "repurchase" of the independence bonds progressed, their price
increased, reaching 45%.
The "English
debt" of independence would only be canceled in 1976, in the midst of the
oil boom. The oil boom of the 1970s was the first opportunity to
eliminate the country's external debt. For example, Norway, which developed the
oil fields of the North Sea, not only did not get into debt, but rather
accumulated a sovereign investment fund starting in 1990 that by 2020 had
reached a value of 1,186,000 million dollars in assets (more than a trillion
dollars).
But Ecuador, whose
external debt had been reduced to just $ 241 million in 1970 (15% of GDP),
began to borrow aggressively, partly to finance infrastructure works such as
hydroelectric dams, and partly for military spending, reaching $ 10,283
million. in 1987 (109% of GDP).
The second
opportunity to eliminate the debt occurred during the Correa government, in the
years 2007-2016, when oil prices rose, generating $ 95,581 million in revenue
for the treasury. In fact, in 2007, the (small) balance of the debt with the
IMF was canceled.
But, instead of
canceling foreign debt and accumulating savings and investment funds; the
Correa government carried out a moratorium, not due to inability to pay, but to
manipulate the market (so much so that more funds were used to buy back the
discounted bonds than would have been the entire debt service expected that
year).
As oil prices fell
from 2014, instead of reducing bulky public spending (44% of GDP in 2014), the
Correa government began to issue debt aggressively. Thus, public external
debt went from $ 8 billion in 2009 (13.2% of GDP) to $ 32 billion in 2017 (32%
of GDP) and $ 40 billion in April 2020 (37% of GDP). Of this total, $ 18,7 billion
corresponds to the bonds.
In the face of the
COVID-19 pandemic, and the collapse of exports and tax revenues, the government
asked bondholders to suspend payments until August, with a view to
restructuring. It is clear that the Ecuadorian State will not be able to
continue servicing the debt in the terms initially foreseen. A grace period is
expected to be approved (no principal or interest payments, perhaps until
December); a reduction of interest; an extension of the terms (could be
extended between 5 and 7 years); and possibly a reduction in the principal
amount (a 15 % reduction of the principal).
The Barclays investment
bank, in an analysis of the issue, indicated that a 46% reduction in the net
present value of the bonds could be obtained, combining a capital reduction, a grace
period, lower interest rates (which it estimates could rise from 0% in 2020 to
6% after 2023), and longer terms. The International Monetary Fund itself has
indicated that developing countries will require debt relief because of the
severe economic recession caused by the pandemic.
But even if an adequate restructuring occurs, the external debt is likely to continue to affect the life and economy of the country for generations to come (unless steps are taken to create a savings and investment fund in a future oil or mining boom).
(*) This is an
extended version of an opinion column published in Spanish in Diario El
Universo of Ecuador, on July 3, 2020.
https://www.eluniverso.com/opinion/2020/07/03/nota/7892709/deuda-eterna