By Luis Fierro Carrión
Twitter: @Luis_Fierro_Eco
On Sunday, February 7, the first round of the elections will take place in Ecuador.
Whoever assumes the Presidency will have to decide whether to continue the Agreement with the IMF (and therefore receive the outstanding disbursements of $ 2.5 billion), suspend it, or to try to renegotiate it.
Although the first two disbursements made in 2020, for $ 4,000 million, did not have significant conditionality (it required an increase in the coverage of the human development bond to 250,000 additional families, as well as to approve reforms to anti-corruption laws); disbursements for the new government will imply a significant fiscal adjustment of 5% of GDP.
The program seeks an increase in tax revenue of 2.5% of GDP (about $ 2.5 billion), along with a reduction in spending of a similar magnitude. With this, it would be expected to reduce the deficit of the non-financial public sector from $ 7.3 billion in 2020 to $ 2.9 billion in 2021.
A 3% value-added tax (VAT) increase is suggested; as well as an increase in personal income tax (PIT) of 5% for income above $ 27,000 per year (and 3% for income below $ 27,000).
The IMF Report (Staff Report) published on December 23 mentions that the three main candidates (Lasso, Arauz and Pérez) have indicated that they might push for fiscal reforms, but it is not clear if any of them have committed to increase VAT or the income tax. The IMF held meetings with Guillermo Lasso, Andrés Arauz and César Montúfar (Yaku Pérez did not agree to meet).
Lasso has said that he will cut taxes, despite a deficit of 7% of GDP; Arauz and Pérez have indicated that they will seek to renegotiate the Agreement, while Arauz has specifically said that he plans to increase current public spending and investment, which would be contrary to the required fiscal adjustment. It would be unlikely that under these circumstances the new disbursement of the Fund would take place, which would worsen the financial gap of 7.7% of GDP expected for 2021. Arauz has also mentioned that he would propose an annual wealth tax of 2%.
The candidate who appears fourth in the average of polls, César Montúfar, has said that he would not approve an increase or a reduction in the Value Added Tax (VAT), but that, if he would be in favor of increasing the progressivity of the income tax, and likewise reduce the exemptions from said tax. He has also proposed a 1% wealth tax for net assets over $ 400,000 (excluding primary residence).
Regarding spending reduction, Lasso mentions the “reduction in the size of the State”. Larger cuts both in personnel costs and investment would be complicated, since they have already been greatly reduced. Public investment has decreased from 8% of GDP in 2018 to 6.1% of GDP in 2020, and a further reduction to 5.4% of GDP is anticipated in 2021. This includes investment in the oil sector, of about 1.5% of GDP, which is required to maintain the current oil production levels.
Public sector salary spending has dropped from $ 10.3 billion in 2018 to $ 9.6 billion in 2020, and is expected to remain at levels close to $ 9.6 billion in 2021-23. Some 50,000 public employees have already been dismissed.
According to Table 6 of the Staff Report, the net effect of the increase in the number of families that receive the cash transfer and the increases in VAT and IR rates would be to increase income in the first 3 deciles, maintain similar income in deciles 4-7 , and reducing incomes in deciles 8-10 (and a reduction of the Gini coefficient, an indicator of inequality, to pre-pandemic levels).
The IMF report estimates that one and a half million people fell below the poverty line due to the pandemic (and that the poor have increased from 30 to 38% of the population).
The Fund recommends continuing efforts to facilitate job creation (allowing more flexibility in working hours, part-time hiring, etc.).
The IMF also suggests continuing the reduction of diesel and gasoline subsidies initiated by Correa and Moreno. The gasoline subsidy would be practically eliminated, and the diesel subsidy would drop from $ 965 million in 2019 to $ 739 million in 2021.
With these efforts, total public debt could fall from 66% of GDP in 2020 to 56.6% in 2025 (without crossing the critical threshold of 70% of GDP).
Another commitment is to increase the independence and autonomy of the Central Bank, and to prevent financing from the ECB to the government (Arauz has announced contrary policies).
Arauz plans to increase the so-called "foreign currency outflow tax" to 27%, which will actually prevent the entry of investment resources. He proposes a "creative monetary policy" to create "electronic money" without any endorsement. These policies also would be contrary to IMF recommendations.
Ultimately, it is likely that, with Arauz or Pérez, the program with the IMF will be suspended, which would lead to an increase in “country risk”, an increase in the interest rate to which Ecuador would have access in international markets. .
The bond restructuring opened a four-year window of lower principal payments (apart from the principal reduction in 2020). The risk would be that a new government begins to borrow again (via bonds or bilateral loans from China), which would put the sustainability of the debt at risk. Similarly, if the program with the IMF is not maintained, the remaining $ 2.5 billion will not be received, which could aggravate arrears in payments to suppliers, salaries, etc.).
No comments:
Post a Comment