Wednesday, December 31, 2014
Es posible el desarrollo sostenible basado en la ética y el ser humano?
"Es posible el desarrollo sostenible basado en la ética y el ser humano?", mi articulo sobre el libro de Ricardo Abramovay @abramovay en la Revista Gestión @revista_gestion de Septiembre 2014. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2keH2NAJ6iOdkRUdkkzUnk3UUU/view?usp=sharing
Tuesday, December 16, 2014
Instrumentos novedosos de financiamiento climático
Por
Soledad Aguilar (*), Luis Fierro (**) y Virginia Scardamaglia (***)
El
financiamiento para el cambio climático ha sido uno de los principales temas de
debate en la reciente COP 20 en Lima, Perú. Uno de los ejes de las
negociaciones climáticas de los últimos meses ha sido justamente la
capitalización del Fondo Verde del Clima (GCF por su sigla en inglés), que
logró durante la COP el objetivo de llegar a una movilización inicial de
recursos por unos US$10.200 millones; y la movilización conjunta de
financiamiento climático hasta alcanzar una meta de US$100 mil millones anuales
para el 2020.
Lo
curioso es que, hoy en día, no son sólo los países desarrollados quienes están
movilizando recursos, sino también algunos países en desarrollo. Así, tres países
miembros de AILAC anunciaron contribuciones al Fondo Verde del Clima: Colombia
y Perú contribuirán US$ 6 millones cada uno; y Panamá aportara un millón de
dólares. Otros países en desarrollo, como
México, Mongolia y Corea del Sur también anunciaron aportes al GCF.
Al mismo tiempo, los
países mencionados son también receptores de recursos para el cambio climático.
Todos los países del grupo AILAC, conformado por Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica,
Guatemala, Panamá y Perú, reciben financiamiento para la mitigación y
adaptación. El financiamiento proviene mayoritariamente de fuentes
tradicionales, tales como: los bancos multilaterales y bilaterales de
desarrollo, en especial el Banco Mundial (BM), el Banco Interamericano de
Desarrollo (BID), la Corporación Andina de Fomento (CAF), y el Banco Europeo de
Inversiones (BEI); agencias bilaterales de desarrollo; y fondos especializados como
el Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial (GEF, por sus siglas en inglés) y los Fondos
de Inversión del Clima (CIF, por sus siglas en inglés).
Los países AILAC
también promueven enfoques innovadores y creativos para el financiamiento
climático. En las negociaciones actuales, los miembros de AILAC se encuentran
en un grupo de países que ha propuesto que las contribuciones financieras no
estén limitadas al grupo tradicional de países donantes, sino que otros que
estén en condiciones de hacerlo, también provean recursos financieros y otros
medios de implementación. Chile, por ejemplo, estableció diversos fondos fiduciarios
en el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), y los países de la UNASUR de
manera conjunta proveyeron asistencia financiera a Haití tras su devastador
terremoto, junto con apoyo material.
Entre algunos de los
instrumentos más novedosos utilizados para financiar la mitigación y adaptación
por los gobiernos de la región encontramos el impuesto al carbono instaurado
por Chile, siendo el primero de este
tipo en la región. Asimismo, varios países de la región, como Colombia y Perú,
han puesto en marcha Fondos Nacionales Climáticos. En el caso de Colombia, se
creó el Fondo Nacional de Adaptación (www.fondoadaptacion.gov.co), que
complementará al Fondo de Calamidad existente, diseñado para la ayuda de
emergencia en el caso de un desastre natural, y en el caso de Perú se trata del
Fondo de Promoción de las Áreas Naturales Protegidas del Perú
(www.profonanpe.org.pe).
Entre las inversiones
de fondos de origen público encontramos algunos ejemplos interesantes para
subrayar como:
- La Unión Europea (UE) puso en marcha el Fondo Latinoamericano de Inversiones (LAIF, por sus siglas en inglés), que proporciona una subvención como parte de un paquete de cofinanciación híbrido que incluye préstamos, préstamos concesionales, donaciones, garantías, operaciones de capital riesgo y asistencia técnica de las instituciones financieras públicas europeas y latinoamericanas,
- La puesta en marcha de un Programa de Cambio Climático y Energía Limpia, cofinanciado por el banco de desarrollo alemán (KfW) y la CAF, para los países miembros de esta última institución en la Región.
- La UE, Alemania y Noruega crearon el Fondo Global para la Eficiencia Energética y las Energías Renovables (GEEREF). Su objetivo es anclar nuevos fondos de capital privado para proyectos de energía renovable y de eficiencia energética.
- Canjes de deuda por naturaleza o adaptación, como fue el caso de Alemania y Guatemala,
- CAF y KfW están poniendo en marcha un nuevo Fondo para el Desarrollo Geotérmico para América Latina. El fondo tiene la intención de mitigar los riesgos para el desarrollo de la energía geotérmica en Chile, Colombia y Perú, entre otros países.
Entre las inversiones
de fuente privada, o mixta, resaltamos las siguientes:
- El Fondo Multilateral de Inversiones (FOMIN) del BID creó, junto a otras instituciones públicas y privadas, el fondo de biodiversidad Eco-Empresas II, que invierte capital de expansión para el crecimiento de emprendimientos sostenibles en nichos de negocio únicos, tales como la agricultura orgánica, productos forestales no madereros, la silvicultura sostenible o ecoturismo. Los instrumentos utilizados son cuasi-capital, pagarés convertibles y deuda a largo plazo, entre otros. Varios países AILAC han participado en las operaciones de este Fondo.
- Un préstamo del Fondo Climático privado Althelia, respaldado por bonos de carbono, para el Parque Nacional Cordillera Azul de Perú.
- En Perú, la Corporación Financiera Internacional (CFI) del Grupo del Banco Mundial emitió su primer "Bono Verde" denominado en soles peruanos, junto a Rimac Seguros.
Otro ejemplo
interesante, si bien no hay participación de países AILAC, es el Fondo de
Seguro contra Riesgos de Catástrofes del Caribe sostenido por gobiernos de
países del Caribe y administrado por el Banco Mundial, el cual ha permitido el pooling de riesgos para hacer frente a
los desastres naturales de la región como los huracanes. Este es un mecanismo
que podría ser replicado en otras regiones que compartan los mismos riesgos
climáticos.
Como hemos visto, hay
muchas fuentes novedosas y creativas de financiamiento para mitigación y
adaptación al cambio climático en América Latina y para los países de AILAC en
particular, la cual proviene en su mayoría de fondos públicos.
En el caso de la
inversión privada, las medidas necesarias para atraer este tipo de recursos
requieren un rol más proactivo de los Estados (y entidades subnacionales), para
aprobar regulaciones que generen las condiciones de mercado necesarias para
atraer inversiones hacia sectores que no son comercialmente viables en ausencia
de una normativa específica, o que requieren regulaciones (concesiones,
aprobaciones) para poder funcionar. Por
ejemplo, es necesario adoptar regulaciones específicas para: promover el
desarrollo de energías renovables; construir grandes obras de infraestructura
para evitar inundaciones; o desarrollar el mercado de seguros climáticos
indexados.
En este sentido,
además de las regulaciones, los bancos nacionales de desarrollo juegan un rol
fundamental en la creación del tipo de instrumentos financieros necesarios
(como por ejemplo, garantías de riesgo político y líneas de crédito
concesionales) para fomentar inversiones por parte del sector privado.
Una vez establecidas
las condiciones de entorno para hacer viable la inversión privada, hay una
amplia variedad de instrumentos que pueden ser utilizados para canalizar las
inversiones, incluyendo, los tradicionales emisión de bonos, inversiones de
capital y garantías, así como algunos más novedosos como la emisión de bonos
verdes, bonos catastróficos o contingentes, la securitización de flujos de
recursos para eficiencia energética, el desarrollo de seguros indexados para
catástrofes climáticas, y el desarrollo de mercados de carbono y bolsas de
activos climáticos, todos los cuales funcionan hoy en países desarrollados y
tienen un incipiente desarrollo en los países miembros de AILAC.
(*) Soledad Aguilar, Abogada (UBA), LLM (London School of
Economics). Dirige el Posgrado en Derecho y Economía del Cambio Climático de
FLACSO-Argentina. En la actualidad lidera una consultoría sobre Mecanismos
Novedosos de Financiamiento para AILAC.
(**) Luis Fierro, Asesor
en Financiamiento Climático de AILAC. Economista (PUCE), M.A. (U. de
Oregon), M.Sc. y Ph.D. (c) (U. de Texas en Austin). Perfil: www.linkedin.com/in/luisfierro. Las opiniones no reflejan necesariamente la
posición de los países miembros de AILAC.
(***) Virginia Scardamaglia, Magíster en Relaciones y Negociaciones Internacionales (FLACSO), asistente de investigación en el Posgrado en Derecho y Economía del Cambio Climático de FLACSO-Argentina. Trabaja con Soledad Aguilar en una consultoría sobre Mecanismos Novedosos de Financiamiento para AILAC.
Tuesday, November 25, 2014
Close to $ 9.4 billion in pledges to the Green Climate Fund
By Luis Fierro, Climate Finance Adviser for AILAC (*)
On November 20 in Berlin, 22 countries pledged US$ 9.4
billion to the initial capitalization of the Green Climate Fund (GCF), almost
reaching the goal of $ 10 billion that had been established by the UNFCCC
Executive Secretary Christiana Figueres, and the Executive Director of the GCF,
Héla Cheikhrouhou.
Regarding the absolute amount, noteworthy contributions were
from the United States ($ 3 billion), Japan ($ 1.5 billion), United Kingdom (720
million pounds, about $ 1,130 million at current exchange rates), France ($ 1
billion) and Germany (750 million euros, about $ 938 million at current
exchange rates).
In terms of per capita contributions, the most generous were
the Scandinavian countries, including Sweden ($ 61), Norway ($ 26), Finland ($
18) and Denmark ($ 13) (see further details at: http://goo.gl/ZlAFH1
).
It is also worth highlighting the contributions announced by
four developing countries: South Korea ($ 100 million), Mexico ($ 10 million),
Panama ($ 1 million) and Mongolia ($ 50,000). Of these four, the first two are
members of the OECD, but not part of the "Annex II" of countries that
have traditionally contributed to international climate finance. Panama is a
member of the Independent Association of Latin American and Caribbean (AILAC),
a negotiating group on climate change. Another member of AILAC, Colombia, has
confirmed its intention to make a contribution.
Previously, Indonesia had also announcing a contribution of
$ 250,000 for administrative expenses of the Fund.
The BRICS countries, although they had announced the initial
capitalization of their "New Development Bank" at $ 50 billion, have
not yet announced contributions to the GCF. Nor have some developed countries
that have traditionally contributed to global climate finance, such as Australia,
Austria, Belgium, Ireland and some other EU Member States. Poland announced it will
contribute, but without indicating the specific amount.
For its part, the Board of the GCF had progressed in
fulfilling the requirements for the operationalization of the Fund, with an
important meeting in Barbados held in October, where, among other things,
issues of governance, defined contribution policy, and operational planning
were considered (http://www.gcfund.org/meetings.html
).
(*) The views expressed in this article are the author’s and do not compromise the AILAC Group or any of the countries that are part of the group
Saturday, November 22, 2014
El Ecuador tiene el mayor nivel de subsidios a los combustibles fósiles en América Latina
El Ecuador tiene el mayor nivel de subsidios a los combustibles.
Por Luis Alberto Fierro.
Edición 245 – Noviembre / Diciembre 2014.
El Ecuador es el país en América Latina con el mayor nivel de subsidios a los derivados de los combustibles como porcentaje del PIB. En la proforma presupuestaria de 2014, se destinaban $ 1.860 millones para el subsidio al diésel importado, $ 1.300 millones para gasolina importada, $ 570 millones para gas licuado de petróleo importado (GLP), $ 102 millones para GLP nacional, $ 56 millones en jet fuel importado y $ 43 millones para electricidad, sumando un total de $ 3.931 millones para combustibles fósiles, es decir, 19,6% del total de los ingresos fiscales.
Conforme al estudio Reforma a los subsidios energéticos: lecciones e implicaciones, publicado por el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) (http://goo. gl/jygVHM), los subsidios directos a los combustibles fósiles alcanzaron $ 480 mil millones en 2011, es decir, casi cinco veces el monto de financiamiento climático que los países desarrollados se comprometieron a movilizar anualmente para 2020 hacia los países en desarrollo.
El estudio del FMI indica que, al contrario de ofrecer un subsidio, los Gobiernos deberían cobrar un impuesto para compensar las externalidades negativas de los combustibles fósiles que, además de las emisiones de GEI, incluyen otros contaminantes, congestión vehicular, enfermedades respiratorias, accidentes de tránsito y deterioro de la infraestructura.
Ver artículo completo en la Revista Gestión de Noviembre/Diciembre 2014.
Actualización: el articulo completo se encuentra actualmente disponible:https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2keH2NAJ6iON3FLWm9oQ0taTDQ/view?usp=sharing
'
Cerca de $9.400 millones en anuncios de contribuciones al Fondo Verde del Clima
El
20 de noviembre en Berlín, 22 países se comprometieron a aportar $9.4 mil
millones a la capitalización inicial del Fondo Verde del Clima (GCF por su
sigla en inglés), casi alcanzando la meta de $10 mil millones que se habían
trazado la Secretaria Ejecutiva de la CMNUCC, Christiana Figueres y la
Directora Ejecutiva del Fondo, Héla Cheikhrouhou.
Por monto
absoluto, cabe destacar las contribuciones de Estados Unidos ($3 mil millones),
Japón ($1.5 mil millones), Reino Unido ($1.130 millones, al tipo de cambio
vigente a la fecha), Francia ($1 mil millones) y Alemania (750 millones de
euros, alrededor de $938 millones al tipo de cambio actual).
En términos de
contribuciones per cápita, los más generosos fueron los países escandinavos,
incluyendo Suecia ($61), Noruega ($26), Finlandia ($18) y Dinamarca ($13) (ver http://goo.gl/ZlAFH1).
También se puede destacar que anunciaron contribuciones cuatro países en desarrollo: Corea del
Sur ($100 millones), México ($10 millones), Panamá ($1 millón) y Mongolia ($50
mil). De estos cuatro, los dos primeros
son miembros de la OCDE, pero no forman parte del “Anexo II” de países que
tradicionalmente han contribuido al financiamiento climático. Panamá es miembro de la Asociación Independiente de Latinoamérica y el Caribe (AILAC), un grupo de negociación en cambio climático. Otro miembro del grupo, Colombia, ha ratificado su intención de hacer una contribución.
Anteriormente, Indonesia había hecho también el
anuncio de una contribución de $250.000 para los gastos administrativos del
Fondo.
Los países BRICS, pese a
que anunciaron que capitalizarán su “Nuevo Banco de Desarrollo” en $50 mil
millones, no han anunciado contribuciones al GCF. Tampoco han anunciado contribuciones hasta
fines de noviembre algunos países desarrollados que tradicionalmente habían
aportado a los fondos climáticos globales, tales como Australia, Austria,
Bélgica, e Irlanda. Polonia anunció que
hará una contribución, pero sin indicar el monto.
Por su parte, la Junta Directiva del
GCF ha avanzado en el cumplimiento de los requisitos previos a la
operacionalización del Fondo, con una reunión importante en Barbados en
octubre, en donde, entre otros temas, se definieron temas de gobernanza,
política de contribuciones, y programación operativa (http://www.gcfund.org/meetings.html).
Monday, October 13, 2014
Gearing up for the COP20 in Lima - Progress in Climate Finance
By Luis Fierro Carrión, Climate Finance Advisor for AILAC (*)
In recent months, there has been significant progress on the issue of funding for mitigation and adaptation to climate change; but much remains to be done to cover the financing needs of developing countries, which exceed $ 500 billion per year.
Green Climate Fund
After Germany pledged to provide 750 million euro to the Green Climate Fund (GCF) during the Petersberg Dialogue in July 2014, during the Climate Summit of the United Nations held in September in New York, France announced a commitment of US$ 1 billion, and other countries also announced their pledges: South Korea ($ 100 million), Switzerland (at least $ 100 million), Sweden ($ 45 million), Denmark($ 70 million), Norway (at least $ 33 million in the first year), Mexico ($ 10 million), Luxembourg ($ 6.8 million), and the Czech Republic ($ 5.5 million).
In October, Sweden announced an increase in its pledge to the equivalent of US$560 million, which is thus far the most generous in terms of per capita contribution.
In October, Sweden announced an increase in its pledge to the equivalent of US$560 million, which is thus far the most generous in terms of per capita contribution.
Of these announcements, we can highlight the cases of South Korea and Mexico, which although part of the OECD, are not part of "Annex 1" of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) of "developed countries". Previously, Indonesia had also announcing a contribution of $ 250,000, and some other members of AILAC and the Pacific Alliance have also reported that they are considering making a contribution.
For his part, the Secretary of State of the United States, John Kerry, said that his country will announce its contribution during the Pledging Session for GCF Resource Mobilization, to be held on 19 and 20 November in Berlin. It is also expected that the United Kingdom, Japan, and other developed countries will announce their contributions in Berlin. The BRICS countries, although they announced that they will capitalize their "New Development Bank" at $ 50 billion, have not yet announced any contributions to GCF (see position of the BASIC group).
Meanwhile, the Board of the GCF has complied with the pre-requirements for the operation of the Fund, and held its 8th meeting in Barbados from 14 to 17 October, where, among other issues, governance, contribution policy, and operational programming issues were discussed (Decisions were reached on accreditation and other policies required for contributions to come in). See a summary here. Furthermore, the Directors for Norway and Peru were elected Co-Chairs of the Board.
Other announcements and commitments at the Climate Summit in New York
Apart from the GCF contribution announcements, during the Climate Summit held on September 23, 2014 in New York, other initiatives and commitments in the field of climate finance were presented:
- Peru announced a partnership with Norway and Germany to improve national forest management (with a contribution of $ 300 million from Norway)
- Chile announced a new carbon tax of $ US5 / tCO2, and that the country will generate 45% of its energy from renewable sources by 2025
- The Multilateral Development Banks (which include 6 institutions, among them the World Bank and the IDB) announced that they awarded $ 23.8 billion in climate finance in 2013.
- The International Development Finance Club (IDFC), which brings together 20 regional and national development banks, including the CAF and KfW of Germany, announced that it provided $ 99 billion in "green finance" in 2013 This includes flows of $ 15 billion from institutions in OECD countries to developing countries.
- According to the Climate Bonds Initiative (Climate Bond Initiative) in 2014 it is expected that $ 45 billion in "green bonds" will be issued globally. With emissions of the European Investment Bank (EIB) for $ 1 billion and the German Development Bank (KfW) for $ 1.5 billion in October, the total has reached $ 32 billion to date. At the summit, it was announced that private banks expect to issue $ 30 billion this year.
- This is part of a broader "Climate Related Bonds", which includes some bonds that are not rated as 'green', but they are intended, for example, to finance renewable energy, public transportation and energy efficiency. These were estimated at $ 502 billion. A significant portion corresponds to national bonds issued to finance railways in China, so it is not clear if they would have been classified as "green bonds" (given that much of the power generation in China uses fossil fuels).
- The commitment of institutional investors to reduce their carbon investments by $ 100 billion by the end of 2015 and to measure and report the carbon footprint of at least $ 500 billion in investments.
- Insurance associations pledged to increase their green investments to $ 84 billion by December 2015 and reach $ 420 billion in climate investments by 2020;
- Three large pension funds in Europe and North America indicated that they will accelerate low-carbon investment to more than $ 31 billion by 2020.
- The German government said it would stop providing concessional financing for new power plants based on coal. Other countries (including the United States) had already announced that they will no longer provide concessional financing for high emission technologies, and have pressured the MDBs to also cease such financing.
- The European Union reiterated its intention to donate three billion euros to help developing countries reduce their emissions over the next seven years (2014-2020).
- Similarly, the United States government offered to provide to the World Bank $15 million to help fund a new pilot program to reduce methane emissions.
- The World Bank coordinated an initiative of 74 countries and over 1,000 companies in favor of "putting a price on carbon", i.e. establishing a tax or a market system for exchange of emission rights.
Some summaries of the results of the Summit can be viewed at the following links: http://goo.gl/ejuviH, http://goo.gl/WsxluV, http://goo.gl/CmPVH7, and http://goo.gl/zHxVBR.
Standing Committee on Finance of the UNFCCC
From 1 to 3 October in Bonn, the Eighth Session of the Standing Committee on Finance (SCF) met, to review a number of documents to be presented to COP20 in Lima (more info here). These included the first report of "Biennial Assessment and Review of Climate Finance Flows" (BA), in which the total climate finance flows derived from various sources are estimated.
According to preliminary figures published in the draft Summary and Recommendations on the UNFCCC website , these flows are estimated as follows:
- Annual flows from developed countries to developing countries through public institutions (bilateral, multilateral funds, multilateral, regional and national development banks) are estimated between $ 35 and $ 50 billion. This includes amounts previously mentioned for the multilateral, regional and national development banks.
- Additionally, it is estimated that private flows from developed countries to developing countries reach between $ 25 and $ 125 billion per year (the uncertainty in the range is due to different sources and methodologies used). The "green bonds" used to finance projects in developing countries would be included here.
Progress was made toward identifying elements for a definition of climate finance, with this base definition:
"Climate finance is finance that aims to reduce emissions and enhance sinks of greenhouse gases, and that aims to reduce vulnerability of, and to [maintain/] enhance the resilience of human and ecological systems to, climate change impacts."
Progress was also made in defining the work program for "measurement, reporting and verification" (MRV) of the financial support provided by developed countries to developing countries. This will be critically important to determine whether the goal of "mobilizing $ 100 billion a year" by 2020 of climate finance will be achieved; and, within this total, what amount of private resources were directly mobilized or leveraged by public resources.
According to the GCF, it is estimated that to achieve the goal of keeping global warming to below two degrees C above the pre-industrial level, this will require that developing countries receive annual funding for mitigation of at least $ 350 billion; while that for adaptation, the World Bank has identified requirements of at least $ 70-100 billion a year. Given the magnitude of resources required, a greater commitment by developed countries (and others in the ability to do so) to provide public resources is necessary; but it is also necessary to boost the channeling of private resources.
Large institutional investors (pension funds, insurance companies, sovereign wealth funds, etc.) manage resources for $ 83 trillion. Therefore, if they devoted at least 1% of those resources to climate finance, this would come close to the required number (considering that this is a stock, not an annual flow).
Lima Climate Finance Week (LCFW)
From August 26 to 28, the Lima Climate Finance Week took place, as well as the Informal Dialogue on Finance (some presentations are available here ). The Presidency of COP20, the Government of Peru, identified as key issues for the Ministerial High Level Dialogue of Lima (to take place during the second week of COP20) the transparency and enabling environment of climate finance. These issues, among others, were discussed during the week and the Informal Dialogue.
The week opened with high-level speeches by ex-President of Mexico, Felipe Calderón, and the Ministers of Economy and Finance (Luis Miguel Castilla), and Environment (Manuel Pulgar-Vidal) of Peru. Minister Castilla said that the countries of the Pacific Alliance (Colombia, Chile, Mexico, and Peru) are exploring making a contribution to the GCF. Calderon said that the economy cannot develop without protecting the environment. He said there are rising costs of natural disasters associated with climate change. He called for the removal of subsidies to fossil fuels and to establish a carbon price. He stressed that in the coming decades, the world must invest $ 90 trillion in infrastructure, so it is preferable to develop new low carbon technologies.
Abyd Karmali, Director of Climate Finance for Bank of America & Merrill Lynch, said there is the capital required to finance mitigation and adaptation, mobilizing additional $ 120 billion per year. However, this requires dealing with the risks and other impediments:improving policies and regulations, reducing costs, and aggregating projects to achieve liquidity. He cited as examples the Green Bonds, structured finance to reduce risk, insurance mechanisms, and aggregation structures for small-scale opportunities.
David Wilk, from the IDB, said that currently 25% of IDB operations are related to climate change (CC), renewable energy and the environment, with a volume of approvals between USD $ 1,200 and USD $ 2,100 million a year. The Bank manages two grant funds for Sustainable Energy and Climate Change (SECCI). Loans have been approved to support the reform of environmental policies in several countries, including Colombia, Guatemala and Peru.
Several speakers highlighted the importance of creating an atmosphere or environment conducive to receiving resources (investment, concessional loans, grants). This includes:
- development of climate change strategies and policies;
- clear and stable regulatory policies;
- incentives and risk reduction for a proper relationship between risk and return;
- development of institutions capable of handling resources (e,g, through accreditation of national implementing entities for multilateral funds);
- development of a list of "bankable" programs and projects, i.e. able to receive external funding.
- establish policies and procedures in domestic financial institutions (policies for environmental and social safeguards, audit, risk management, transparency, monitoring and evaluation of operations, etc.).
Mohamed Nasr, from Egypt, said that finance is a key to advance to the 2015 Climate Agreement. He said that clarity is needed about the scaling-up and the trajectory required to reach $ 100 billion in annual climate finance agreed for 2020 -as well as with respect to the initial capitalization of the GCF. He said there has been a long process of negotiation in terms of "Long-Term Financing" (LTF), and what is required is to have predictable, adequate and accessible financial resources. He added that Finance must be one of the elements anchored in the 2015 Agreement, which is required to advance in the transformation of production and energy.
In the closing session, the Vice-Minister of Environment of Peru, Gabriel Quijandría stressed that public resources are required to create the enabling environment for private investment. He noted that the Summit of the Secretary General of the United Nations and the COP20 will be opportunities to signal that climate finance will increase. He said GCF capitalization should continue. He stated that developing countries have to deal with many challenges, to which climate change is added. Adjustments are needed to ensure economic, environmental sustainability, and to deliver social benefits.The long-term horizon requires funding, and efforts to generate bankable projects. He concluded that a transition is needed towards a low carbon and resilient economy.
Summaries of the Week have been prepared by IISD and Thomas Kerr from IFC.
Conclusion
There has been progress in the provision of financial resources to developing countries, to carry out activities to mitigate and adapt to climate change. About $ 50 billion a year are being mobilized through public, bilateral, multilateral and development banks sources. A similar figure is being provided through private resources, which could increase if several of the initiatives announced at the summit come to fruition. However, there is still a gap to achieve the financing required by developing countries to achieve the objectives of mitigation and adaptation, which goes far beyond the $ 100 billion per year committed in Copenhagen and Cancun, and exceeds $ 500 billion per year.
(*) The views expressed in this article are the author's and do not compromise the AILAC Group or any of the countries that are part of the group. Originally published in Spanish at: http://climatefinance.info/profiles/blogs/avances-en-el-financiamiento-climatico-2014
Labels:
CAF,
climate finance,
COP20,
GCF,
GEF,
green bonds,
IDB,
IFC,
insurance,
LCFW,
Lima,
Peru,
SECCI,
Summit,
UNFCCC,
World Bank
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)